Swedish monarchs
Swedish queens and kings (order and dates are uncertain in the oldest period) | |||
Ynglings | |||
Bjorn the old man | about 882-910 | ||
Olof Ring | 910-940 | ||
Erich VII. Segersäll (= the victorious) | about 970-995 | ||
Olaf III. Skotkonung (= king of the lap) | about 995-1022 | ||
An and Jakob | about 1022-1050 | ||
Emund | about 1050-1060 | ||
Stenkil family | |||
Stenkil (Steinkjel) | about 1060-1066 | ||
Hallsten (Halstan) | 1067-1070 | ||
Inge I., d. Ä. | 1079-1110 | ||
Philip (Philip) | about 1110-1118 | ||
Inge II., D. J. (until 1118 co-regent) | about 1110-1120 | ||
Raghvald Knaphövde | around 1125 | ||
Sverker family, Erich family, opposing kings | |||
Sverker I., d. Ä. | about 1130-1156 | ||
Eric IX. , the Saint | about 1156-1160 | ||
Magnus Henriksson | about 1160-1161 | ||
Charles VII Sverkersson | about 1161–1167 | ||
Knut Eriksson | about 1167–1195 / 96 | ||
Sverker II. Karlsson | about 1196-1208 | ||
Erich X. Knutsson | about 1208-1216 | ||
Johann I. Sverkersson | about 1216-1222 | ||
Eric XI. Eriksson | 1222-1229 | ||
and 1234-1250 | |||
Knut Långe | about 1229-1234 | ||
Folkunger | |||
Birger Jarl (regent) | 1248-1266 | ||
Waldemar Birgersson | 1250-1275 | ||
Magnus I. Birgersson, called Ladulås (= barn castle) | 1275-1290 | ||
Birger Magnusson | 1290-1318 | ||
Magnus II. Eriksson | 1319-1364 | ||
Eric XII. (Fellow king) | 1356-1359 | ||
Håkon Magnusson | 1362-1364 | ||
House of Mecklenburg | |||
Albrecht | 1364-1389 | ||
Union kings and their own rulers | |||
Margarete | 1389-1412 | ||
Eric XIII. from Pomerania | 1397-1439 | ||
Christoph (Kristoffer) from Bavaria | 1440-1448 | ||
Charles VIII. Knutsson Bonde | |||
king | 1448-1457 | ||
Opposing king | 1464-1465 | ||
king | 1467-1470 | ||
Christian I. | 1457-1464 / 1471 | ||
Johann II (Hans) | 1497-1501 | ||
Christian II | 1520-1523 | ||
House Sture (Reichsverweser) | |||
Sten Sture d. Ä. | 1470-1497 | ||
and 1501-1503 | |||
Svante Nilsson Sture | 1504-1512 | ||
Sten Sture d. J. | 1512-1520 | ||
House Wasa | |||
Gustav I. Eriksson Wasa | |||
Imperial administrator | 1521-1523 | ||
king | 1523-1560 | ||
Eric XIV. | 1560-1568 | ||
Johann III. | 1568-1592 | ||
Sigismund III. Wasa | 1592-1599 | ||
Charles IX | |||
regent | 1599-1604 | ||
king | 1604-1611 | ||
Gustav II Adolf | 1611-1632 | ||
Christine | 1632-1654 | ||
House Pfalz-Zweibrücken | |||
Charles X. Gustav | 1654-1660 | ||
Charles XI. | 1660-1697 | ||
Charles XII. | 1697-1718 | ||
Ulrike Eleonore | 1718 / 19-1720 | ||
House of Hessen-Kassel | |||
Friedrich I. | 1720-1751 | ||
Holstein-Gottorp house | |||
Adolf Friedrich | 1751-1771 | ||
Gustav III | 1771-1792 | ||
Gustav IV Adolf | 1792-1809 | ||
Charles XIII | 1809-1818 | ||
Bernadotte House | |||
Charles XIV. Johann | 1818-1844 | ||
Oscar I. | 1844-1859 | ||
Charles XV | 1859-1872 | ||
Oscar II | 1872-1907 | ||
Gustav V. | 1907-1950 | ||
Gustav VI. Adolf | 1950-1973 | ||
Charles XVI. Gustav | since 1973 |
Kalmar Union
When Erich XIII. (in Denmark as Erich VII. and in Norway as Erich IV.) he ruled arbitrarily with the help of mostly German bailiffs; the rights guaranteed to the Swedes were violated, high taxes were a consequence of his wars against Holstein and the Hanseatic League. The Swedish peasants and miners rose against the inadequate taxes in 1434 under the leadership of Engelbrecht Engelbrechtsson and obtained the deposition of Erich XIII. (1439/40). Even though Sweden was later ruled several times by Union kings (1441–48, 1457–64, 1497–1501, 1520–21), this revolt initiated Sweden’s dissolution from the Kalmar Union. Under King Charles VIII Knutsson Bonde (1448-57, 1464-65, 1467-70) and the independent governments of the regent from the noble Sture continued this trend. In 1471 the attempt of the Danish King Christian I to forcibly convert Sweden into a union with Denmark and Norway failed with the battle on Brunkeberg (near Stockholm). The Sture party tried to represent the interests of the peasants and citizens and to improve relations with the Hanseatic League with the help of a four-tier union day. The “Stockholm Bloodbath” (1520, execution of noble followers of Sten Sture), with whichChristian II. of Denmark, who was crowned king in Stockholm in the same year, wanted to break the Swedish resistance against the Union, triggered an uprising under Gustav Wasa , who, after having been appointed imperial administrator in 1521, was elected king in 1523. The Kalmar Union ended with his kingship. – Who came to power with the support of Lübeck, Gustav Wasa with a hard hand brought together the powers that were still diverging in the country. With the introduction of the Reformation in 1527, he ordered the confiscation of church property and, with the reorganization of administration, state finances and national defense, created the foundations of the Swedish great power that his successors achieved.
Great power in the Baltic Sea region
According to neovideogames, Sweden not only had to secure itself against Denmark, which threatened the Swedish borders from the Sundlands and Norway, but also had to oppose Russian expansion in Finland and also try to counter the overwhelming economic strength of Lübeck. First, Sweden consolidated its political and economic independence in the three-crown war against Denmark, Poland and Lübeck (1563–70) and began a policy of expansion to the east: in 1561 Reval became Swedish, the conquests ofJohn III. (1568–92) and Gustavus II. Adolf (1611–32) brought large territorial gains in the east (confirmed in the Peace of Stolbowo on 3.1617).
Due to its success in the battle against Poland, including through his intervention (1630) of the Protestant princes on the part of the Thirty Years’ War brought Gustav II. Adolf of Sweden to the leading power in Northern Europe. After his death in the Battle of Lützen (1632) AG Graf Oxenstierna headed the guardianship government for Queen Christine .
In the Peace of Brömsebro (August 13, 1645) Sweden received Jämtland, Härjedalen and Halland, Gotland and Ösel from Denmark-Norway and achieved the exemption of its ships from the Sund tariff. In the Peace of Westphalia (October 24th, 1648) it was acquired by the ore monastery of Bremen, Verden, Western Pomerania (Swedish-Pomerania), a strip of land east of the Oder, Wismar, the island of Poel and the imperial estate.
In 1654 Christine ceded the government to her cousin, Karl X. Gustav from the Palatinate-Zweibrücken family. He sought to complete Gustav II Adolf’s work by eliminating Poland in the alliance with Brandenburg, against which a Russian-Polish-Danish coalition was formed ( 1st Northern War, 1655-60). In the Peace of Roskilde (1658) Denmark lost Scania, Halland and Blekinge to Sweden. In the Peace of Oliva 1660 (supplemented by the peace treaties of Copenhagen 1660 and Kardis bei Dorpat 1661) the possession of almost all of Livonia, Estonia with Ösel and Schonens (against return of Trondheim and Bornholm to Denmark) was confirmed under the guarantee of the European powers Sweden. Since France supported Sweden to maintain the Westphalian peace system, the successor of Karl X. Gustav, Karl XI. (1660–97), involved in battles with Brandenburg-Prussia as an ally of Louis XIV in the Dutch-French clashes of 1672–79.