(República de Panamá). State of Central America (75,001 km²). Capital: Panama. Administrative division: provinces (9), indigenous districts (3). Population: 3,396,000 residents (2008 estimate). Language: Spanish (official), English. Religion: Catholics 80.2%, Protestants 14.5%, others 5.3%. Monetary unit: balboa (100 cents). Human Development Index: 0.832 (58th place). Borders: Antillean Sea (N), Colombia (E), Pacific Ocean (S), Costa… Read More »
ECONOMY: GENERAL INFORMATION The economy of Panama is strongly linked to the presence of the canal of the same name, which since 1920 has effectively connected the two oceans of the Atlantic and the Pacific, and to the importance of the United States of America, one of the main beneficiaries of the creation of the… Read More »
HISTORY: US ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF THE CANAL ZONE After prompt negotiations, formal recognition of the US government arrived (November 6): Secretary of State Hay and Panamanian representative Bunau Varilla signed a treaty in Washington which largely confirmed the provisions of the agreement rejected by Colombia, further agreeing that the administration and control of the… Read More »
Since Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1513) discovered the Pacific beyond the thin strip of land at the Isthmus of Panama, this region became a focal point for trade between the two oceans. But if the Camino Real was enough for the Spaniards for centuries, the road opened by them across the isthmus, which was followed… Read More »
According to zipcodesexplorer, ioneer of Swedish cinematography, one of the first to treasure the inventions of T. Edison, the Lumière, M. Skladanowsky and later the lesson of G. Méliès, and to found a production company (Svenska Bio, in 1907, in Kristianstad) which even experimented with sound, was the operator and journalist Ch. Magnusson (1878-1948). Taking… Read More »
CULTURE: ART In the country there are interesting testimonies of pre-Columbian archaeological civilizations. In the Darién, spheroidal clay forms prevail, often with high annular bases, decorated with applications, bands and incisions, and painted in red and black. There are few finds in precious material, although the ancient sources speak of golden objects in large quantities.… Read More »
CULTURE: DANCE In the first half of the century. XVII the French Antoine de Beaulieu introduced the first French-style dances to the court (1638). The creation of the first professional company and a school led by another Frenchman, L. Gallodier, dates back to 1773, the year of the inauguration of the Royal Opera. Frequent contacts… Read More »
With the Arab invasion of the century. VII begins the neo-Persian literature. The rich and vital Arab tradition grafted onto the aristocratic aristocratic culture of the Sassanids, so much so that after just over a century the Persian literary lexicon was largely replaced by the Arab one. Neo-Persian literature appears perhaps as the most refined… Read More »
In 1681, with the nomination of Nicodemus Tessin the Younger as royal architect, a period of clear predominance of the Roman Baroque taste began, which had its greatest expression in the Royal Palace of Stockholm, the artist’s masterpiece. Swedish painting of the seventeenth century kept the national traditions alive, personified by the portraitists Holger Hansson… Read More »
After the Arabs had taken over the Sassanid empire over a period of twenty years, as a country located in Middle East according to top-mba-universities, Iran (which then also included Soviet Turkestan and Afghan Khorāsān) became part of the Islamic cultural area and represented one of the sectors more lively and creative than the Muslim… Read More »
From the century VI to XI developed, especially on the island of Gotland and in the eastern provinces of Sweden, a particular kind of sculpture carried out on stones decorated with inscriptions (runes) or figurative scenes often derived from the Nordic sagas, in a lively and expressive style, even if rude; in the stelae of… Read More »
The development of Iranian education has been analogous to that of the Arab nations. The Constitution of 1906 established the principle of compulsory schooling but only in 1942 was a law enacted in this regard which was applied after the Second World War. Officially, education is compulsory for all children aged 6 to 11, but… Read More »
According to softwareleverage, the disturbing interpreter of the changed spiritual climate is JA Strindberg (1849-1912), in whose immense production, lyric, dramatic, narrative, the most contradictory trends of an era are summarized. In his work, external reality, analyzed and crudely portrayed according to naturalistic ways, is reinvented by a lucidly visionary fantasy, by an exasperated subjectivism… Read More »
(Jomhūrī-ye Eslamī-ye Irān). As a country located in Middle East according to collegesanduniversitiesinusa, Iran is a state of Western Asia (1,648,195 km²). Capital: Tehran. Administrative division: ostān provinces (30). Population: 72,213,000 residents (2008 estimate). Language: fārsī (Persian). Religion: Muslims (Shiites 93.9%, Sunnis 5.7%) Christians 0.1%, others 0.3%. Monetary unit: riāl (100 dinars). Human Development Index:… Read More »
Nothing written about the ancient Swedish literary heritage of the pagan age has been preserved. According to programingplease, Sweden, like the other Scandinavian countries, must have known a rich literary flourishing of an epic-lyric character of which only faint echoes can be found in Icelandic, Norwegian and Danish texts of the contemporary age. The only… Read More »
During the severe depression of the 1930s, the Social Democrats (1932) came to power and, barring an interruption in 1936, led the country until 1976, creating a welfare state admired all over the world. But the excessive taxation of the government, due to the need to finance expensive public services, led in 1976 to the… Read More »
According to physicscat, the intervention of France on the side of Sweden was of immense help and at the end of the Thirty Years’ War, in the peace signed with the Empire in Osnabrück (1648), she obtained the island of Rügen, the anterior Pomerania and the duchy of Bremen thus dominating the mouth of the… Read More »
The Sami have roamed Lapland as reindeer nomads since prehistoric times. The rock carvings of Tanum are depictions of hunting, everyday life and the myths of the Bronze Age. Runic writing was in use from the 2nd century AD up to the Middle Ages, and many stone inscriptions have survived. From Sweden from the 9th… Read More »
Policy change and new challenges The Reichstag elections on September 17, 2006 were won by the bourgeois “Alliance for Sweden” (a total of 48.2% of the votes, 178 seats) under the leadership of F. Reinfeldt (moderate rallying party), who was elected Prime Minister on October 5, 2006 and a four-party government (Moderate Rally Party, Center… Read More »
In the 1920s and 30s, economic, social and cultural-political problems came to the fore (school reform, 1927; »Labor Peace Laws«, 1928). The world economic crisis found its strongest expression in Sweden in the collapse of the Kreuger concern in 1932 (Ivar Kreuger ). When PA Hansson came to power (1932), the Swedish Social Democrats began… Read More »
In Livonia there was resistance to the confiscation of estranged Swedish crown estates, one of the reasons for the Second Northern War (1700-21). August II of Saxony-Poland believed that Livonia could easily be won. Tsar Peter I , the Great, sought Ingermanland, East Karelia and Narva, Denmark turned against the Swedish branch of the House… Read More »
Swedish monarchs Swedish queens and kings (order and dates are uncertain in the oldest period) Ynglings Bjorn the old man about 882-910 Olof Ring 910-940 Erich VII. Segersäll (= the victorious) about 970-995 Olaf III. Skotkonung (= king of the lap) about 995-1022 An and Jakob about 1022-1050 Emund about 1050-1060 Stenkil family Stenkil (Steinkjel)… Read More »
Viking Age and Empire Formation In Northern Europe glacial hunting and fishing cultures established already in the Stone Age. During the Iron Age, the south of what is now Sweden was densely populated with North Germanic ethnic groups. The united under the Stammeskönigtum the Ynglinge Svear, the oldest seats in Uppland and the Malaren layers… Read More »
On the threshold of the 20th century are the works of Wilhelm Peterson-Berger (* 1867, † 1942) with their songs inspired by Swedish folk music, the lyrical pieces for piano and his operas influenced by R. Wagner , including »Arnljot «(1909) assumed the status of a national opera. His generation includes: Wilhelm Stenhammar (* 1871,… Read More »
Swedish music, about the Swedish music from pre-Christian times (up to the 11th century) there are only inadequate sources from which the use of primitive rattles, flutes, horns and bronze lurs and from the 8th century also of lyres emerges. In addition, literary sources such as the Bósi saga provide information on musical practice in… Read More »
Until the conquest by Russia (1809) Finland was considered part of the Swedish Empire and the almost exclusively Swedish-language literature in Finland was considered an integral part of Swedish literature. It was not until the beginning of the 19th century that a remarkable written Finnish literature developed which, over the course of 150 years, pushed… Read More »
20th century Under the influence of H. Bergson’s philosophy, the final break with the aesthetics of neo-romanticism took place. The psychologically deepened portrayal of society determined prose in the second decade of the 20th century. Elin Wägner, S. Siwertz and Sven Lidman describe bourgeois life in their realistic novels. Both from a narrative point of… Read More »
Classicism King Gustav III , a tireless patron of the arts, wrote dramas and operas, and was instrumental in founding theaters and establishing the Swedish Academy (1786). The academy and its leading members, the poets J. G. Graf Oxenstierna, J. H. Kellgren, Carl August Ehrensvärd (* 1745, † 1800) and C. G. af Leopold, as… Read More »
According to historyaah, the Swedish literature includes works of literature in Swedish in Sweden and Finland. Written evidence from the era before Christianization (around 1100 AD) can only be found on the numerous Swedish rune stones. Poetic runic texts, picture stones and rock carvings show familiarity with the heroic saga and allow the conclusion that… Read More »
Architecture The first period of the century is determined by national romanticism and material realism. The Engelbrekts Church (1909–14) by Lars Israel Wahlman (* 1870, † 1952) and the town house (1911–23) on Mälaren by R. Östberg form an independent synthesis of local brick construction and international architecture. Evidence of international neoclassicism emerged after the… Read More »