8: Asia and Arctic research In the media, before the meeting in Kiruna, the Asian countries were often described as newcomers to the Arctic and polar regions. That’s not right. Several Asian states have extensive experience in polar research. Research stations in Antarctica were established by Japan in 1957, China in 1985 and South Korea… Read More »
Chinese literature [ç-], China has the longest living history of literature. The only question is when to start this story – one is dealing with the problem of defining literature. Fine literature, early historiography, and ancient philosophy are not neatly separated in China. As a result, a history of Chinese literature also includes works of… Read More »
With Zhu Yuanzhang, the despotic absolutism of the Chinese empire began, which has decisively shaped the image of China in the West. He eliminated the one and a half millennia old institution of the chancellor as head of the bureaucracy; all central and provincial authorities were directly subordinate to him. He was supported by a… Read More »
It was believed at the time of the Song that the decline of the Tang dynasty was due to an excessive emphasis on pure aesthetics and an excessive lack of moral orientation on the part of the individual. In the literature one tried to solve problems only in an aesthetic way. Now, after the complete… Read More »
The Mongols had always come into contact with several cultural influences in their traditional settlement area. Shamanistic, Buddhist and popular religious elements combined in their religion. They were indifferent to Confucianism, at most they showed interest in popular Daoism. But other Chinese and foreign religions – Nestorian Christianity, Judaism, Islam – were tolerated, and the… Read More »
According to whicheverhealth, BRICS emphasizes its openness to the outside world. China’s historical experience is unequivocal in this respect: In periods of openness, things have gone well, while in periods of introversion, things have gone badly. India opened up around 1990 and is phasing out more and more of its subsidies and safeguards. For Brazil… Read More »
10 years ago, the term BRIC was launched – Brazil, Russia, India, China. In 2009, the BRIC countries met for the first time – as part of a regular cooperation – with Russia as host. The second meeting took place in Brazil in 2010, and this year it was China’s turn. South Africa was also… Read More »
6: The BRICS countries in the geopolitical picture According to topbbacolleges, the BRICS countries are too different to represent any collective political weight. They do not constitute an economic and political bloc. Apart from increasing contact with each other, the common denominator is solid domestic challenges . The Chinese have minority problems, among other things.… Read More »
6: Focus In some cases, according to gradinmath, the Nobel Peace Prize has helped to put conflicts higher on the international agenda . The People’s Republic of China’s oppression of minorities came into focus when the Tibetan religious leader, the Dalai Lama, received the Peace Prize in 1989. Three years later, the Nobel Committee gave… Read More »
China is seen by many as the great challenger. But China also seems to be weakened by the financial crisis. The order intake is not as it was a short time ago; factories must cease and the internal social tensions worry. On the other hand, China has recently used its large foreign exchange reserves to… Read More »
4: Real economic effects The lack of confidence and uncertainty in the markets is often concretized when the stock indices (Dow Jones, Nasdaq, DAX, Oslo Børs, etc.) on the world stock exchanges one day fall like a rock, while the next day they soar like a rocket. The question then becomes to what extent this… Read More »
6: Important monitoring bodies In an ideal world, all people have their human rights safeguarded. The reality is that there are many gross violations of human rights in a number of countries where the authorities have neither the will nor the ability to safeguard the rights of the population. This means that the UN and… Read More »
The idea of the rights of the individual and the need to limit the power and abuse of power of the ruler and the rulers is not entirely new. It has grown over several hundred years, but has especially gained momentum in the sails after 1945 – not least the last two to three decades.… Read More »
Globalization therefore does not only mean that trade in goods or services can take place more easily and cheaper than before. It has also contributed to better living conditions for many people. This applies to both rich and poor countries. At the same time, globalization means that information becomes more accessible – both in rich… Read More »
4: Consequences of globalization According to photionary, a striking feature of globalization is that countries trade more with each other than before, and the increased trade includes all income classes. Figure 1 shows international trade (exports plus imports) as a share of the countries’ total income (gross national product) between 1970 and 2004. High-income countries… Read More »
China’s use of non-military means to gain further maritime control in the South China Sea is a good example. Here, China has combined economics, information, diplomacy, international law and infrastructure construction to make demands on sea areas beyond what is internationally recognized as Chinese waters. To support the demands, China has built several artificial islands.… Read More »
The Middle Ages were a time of intellectual, political and economic upheaval. After the unified Han empire had perished in 220, different formations of rulership had developed in the north and south. The aristocracy of the north migrated to the south for fear of foreign peoples who had come to the government and discovered nature… Read More »
The Songreich was threatened with danger from outside, from the second wave of invasions from the northern peoples. Since the time of the Five Dynasties, the Liao dynasty of the Mongol-Tungus Kitan (907–1125) occupied the region around Beijing with 4 million Chinese subjects. The name of the Kitan became the medieval European (Cathay) and the… Read More »
The modern times began with the official state of the Song era. The subsequent conquest by the Mongols certainly led to a major setback in literature, but at the same time also to a huge innovation. The yuan -Time knows no outstanding poet or essayist, but it does know a perfect theater, the mixed theater… Read More »
The retreat began everywhere: from Central Asia, Korea, Vietnam and from southeast China. Emperor Suzong (Su-tsung, 756–762) with the help of Turkish, Tibetan and Uyghur auxiliaries and defectors from the ranks of the rebels to put down the uprising in 762, but this was bought with a double dependency: on the former vassals, who demanded… Read More »
Chinese art The earliest evidence of Chinese art are the ceramics found in graves and settlements of the late Neolithic (around 5000–2000 BC) of the cultures named after the first sites of Yangshao (Henan), Majiayao (Gansu) and Longshan (Shandong). Shang dynasty (around 16th century – 1050 BC) An idea of the art of the Shang… Read More »
During the period of the separation of the empires, the north and south of China also developed differently economically. In the north, v. a. self-sufficient agriculture; Trade and money economy were unimportant, taxes were levied in kind. In the much more productive South, agriculture generated surpluses, and trade (which was taxed) and monetary economy flourished.… Read More »
In the period characterized by small states after the collapse of the Han Empire, Buddhism, which had reached China via the Silk Road since the middle of the 1st century AD, spread rapidly. In the 3rd century the Buddha and Bodhisattvas appeared in the decor of mirrors and as small gilded sculptures with an imprint… Read More »
A theocratic community founded by Zhang Lu (Chang Lu) in western China, whose grandfather Zhang Daoling (Chang Tao-ling) went back to it, which was referred to as the “five bushel rice sect” because of the contributions to be paid by its members, considered disease as a sign of sin and promised healing through the confession… Read More »
Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) The Mongol rulers were not patrons of the arts like their predecessors of the Song era; they did not set up a painting academy at their Beijing court. This favored the development of an independent literati painting. The works of the versatile master Zhao Mengfu (Chao Meng-fu, * 1254, † 1322) are… Read More »
125 BC The ambassador Zhang Qian (Chang Ch’ien), who had been sent to West Turkestan in search of allies against the Xiongnu, returned from the western people of the Yuezhi (Yüeh-chih, Chinese name of the Tocharer) and brought news to the imperial court for the first time from countries outside the Chinese cultural area. The… Read More »
5: The South China Sea Also in the South China Sea, the conflicts are about sovereignty requirements that can provide access to promising gas and oil deposits and rich fishing. Here the controversy is first and foremost about the dominion over the Spratly Islands . China claims almost the entire area, while the Philippines, Vietnam,… Read More »
Since the founding of the republic, China has opened up to western art movements. At the beginning of the 20th century, many artists went to Japan to study, where they learned Japanese painting (Nihonga) and Western oil painting. After their return they created a stylistic synthesis of Chinese, Japanese and Western elements. Another point of… Read More »
Qin (Ch’in, 221–206 BC) King Zheng (Cheng, 246–221) of Qin became the first central ruler of China, a country located in Asia according to a2zgov.com. In order to stand out from the predecessor dynasty, whose title of ruler (Wang) had been usurped by all sovereign princes towards the end of the Zhou period, but also… Read More »
Urbanism has undergone significant development: 51.9% live in cities, but almost half live in villages. The village varies somewhat from region to region. Where intensive agriculture is practiced – as in the South – there are dense groups of houses scattered in the rice fields; elsewhere, however, the compact village dominates. In the North, the… Read More »